On September 19, 2023, Azerbaijan launched an offensive to recapture Nagorno-Karabakh, the territory it had lost to Armenian forces in the 1990s. Within 24 hours, Karabakh’s Armenian de facto leadership surrendered, and, in the days that followed, nearly the entire population of the territory, virtually all ethnic Armenians, fled. They included K

This commitment, while pragmatic since it is too early to hear any pitches for rejoining the EU, has effectively boxed Labour into a position where any potential changes to the EU-UK relationship are likely to be modest and technical, rather than sweeping or transformational. Labour’s leadership is acutely aware that even minor moves towards clos

In light of the evolving dynamics of global trade, countries must adopt a flexible and diversified trade strategy. Policymakers should prioritise the strengthening of regional trade agreements to mitigate overreliance on any single trading partner and to enhance resilience against global disruptions. Furthermore, nations must continue to embrace di

The acceleration of e-commerce, driven by technological advancements, has transformed how goods and services are exchanged across borders. Platforms such as Alibaba and Amazon facilitate cross-border trade for businesses, while the adoption of blockchain technology is progressively enhancing transparency and efficiency within supply chains. The int

Global trade has consistently served as a pivotal driver of the world economy, shaping inter-state relationships, influencing domestic policies, and facilitating innovation As for 2024, the complexities of global trade have intensified, characterised by fragmentation and a pronounced rise in multipolar competition, accelerated digital trade expansi